À la demande du Québec : la diplomatie québécoise de la France de 1969 à 1980 (Note)

Non ingérence et non indifférence, telle est la politique officielle de la France en matière de politique québécoise. Une analyse des faits et gestes de la diplomatie française au cours des années 70 révèle que, plus que tout autre facteur, c'est l'attitude du gouvernement du Québec qui a constitué le facteur déterminant de la diplomatie québécoise de la France. Celle-ci n'aura fait que répondre aux demandes du Québec.France's official policy toward Québec has been one of non-interference and non-indifference. An analysis of what French diplomacy sought and did during the 1970s reveals that the attitude of the Québec government, more than any other factor, determined French diplomacy toward Québec. France was simply responding to Québec's requests

L'élaboration et le fonctionnement des mécanismes d'arbitrage au sein de I'ALE et de FALENA, du GATT et de l'OMC

The increasing importance of international trade explains in great part the role that dispute resolution plays in trade agreement. Diversification, government's intervention in the economy, readiness of interest groups to defend their cause, all these elements make trade negotiations a much more difficult task today thon it used to be fifty years ago. Quarrels and dispute over international trade are therefore more likely to arise and it's impossible today to negotiate international trade agreements without dispute resolution mecanism. Success or failure of different type of arbitration lies in the definition of the substantive rules of trade agreements. For binding arbitration to work properly, such rules must be clear and precise. But this solution implies that independant countries renounce in part to their sovereignty. To do so, Canada and the United States decided to keep their own trade laws and accepted to submit them to binding arbitration. The same thing was done when free trade was extended to Mexico. At multilateral level, this type of arrangement would be much more difficult to implement

Cliff retreat and sea bed morphology under monochromatic wave forcing: Experimental study

Wave flume experiments have been performed to investigate a sandy cliff recession under monochromatic wave forcing. We varied the wave climate through the wave energy flux F and the surf similarity parameter j. The various processes of the cliff erosion cycle are depicted. The sea bed evolution mostly depends on the surf similarity parameter j. Steep planar (j > 0.7), gentle planar (0.5 < j < 0.7) and bared (j < 0.5) profiles are observed. We observed different bar dynamics, including steady and unsteady self-sustained oscillating states. Then we analyze the role of the eroded material on the cliff recession rate. We show that the cliff recession rate increases with the wave energy flux. Moreover, for a given wave energy flux, it is larger for a gentle planar profile than for a bared profile. However it is similar for both a bared profile and a steep planar profile. The cliff recession rate is not a monotonic function of the cliff height as the type of bottom profile influences the wave energy at the cliff

France’s Return to NATO: The Death Knell for ESDP?

Our article focuses on the likely impact of France's return to NATO's integrated military command on the future of the European security and defense policy (ESDP). First, we describe the triangular relationship between France's defense, NATO and European defense policies that dominated the era of the Gaullist–Mitterrandist consensus (1958–95) and its gradual erosion under Jacques Chirac's tenure (1995–2007). Second, we explain the context in which President Sarkozy made the decision in 2007 to rejoin the Allied military command. Relying on interviews with French foreign and defense policy-makers, we address the extent to which ESDP considerations really played a role. Finally, we develop four scenarios for the future of European defense: (1) ESDP gets a new lease of life; (2) France becomes a normal player in a NATO-dominated Europe; (3) NATO and ESDP work out of a division of labor; and (4) France becomes the Trojan horse of European cooperation inside NATO. To develop each scenario, we rely on rationalist and constructivist mechanisms drawn from International Relations theory

Méthodologie de conception d'un modèle comportemental pour la vérification formelle

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

Shear strengthening of thick concrete slabs accounting for loading during strengthening

In order to investigate the effect of the serviceshear load at the time of strengthening a thick slab using bonded transverse reinforcing bars, an experimental study has been carried out.Five (5)beams representing slices of a thick slab were tested to induce different shear load levels in the beamsat the time of strengthening then loaded up to shear failure. Tests were conducted on a slab without shear reinforcement and the others on slabs strengthened at two different load levels at the time of strengthening. The added shear reinforcement was distributed according to two different longitudinal spacings. The results show that,even in the presence of usual service loads, the shear strengthening of thick slabs with bondedbars offers a considerable increase in shear capacity compared to a thick slab without shear reinforcement